Books etc

To provide care that leaves no one behind during a disaster, it is important to address the diversity of people living in society, and inclusion are important. This chapter describes the phenomenon of disaster nursing and existing theories of community care. It proposes a meta-knowledge of disaster nursing called “care for DRR” regarding human protection. Nursing is an integration of “care” and “cure.” Care in disaster is different from everyday nursing, and nurses have special needs with unpaid care and domestic work during a disaster in a nonhospital setting. The essence of the SDGs is that the 17 goals are interrelated. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Reduction, which is a global agenda for disaster reduction, provided an opportunity to address fundamental issues in an interdisciplinary discussion and to grasp the overall picture of issues and challenges occurring in the world related to the SDGs and the direction in which the world is moving in the future. It is the most appropriate way to provide equitable nontherapeutic care to disaster survivors in the affected areas, including integrated health education and promotion as community resilience. It also includes regular water, sanitation, food, and shelter monitoring. It is also essential to identify high-risk and vulnerable populations and address sensitive issues such as aberrant sexual behavior and violence. It is required to generate credible information, including gender issues, culture, lifestyle, and local people’s perceptions; systems and communicating risks in the face of changing technologies are among the challenges. It can connect the importance of UHC as a preventive service, and it’s the challenge of “SDG5, Target 5.4 value unpaid care” and other goals seemingly irrelevant. Since the Sustainable Development Goals aim to address these multifaceted factors, achieving these goals will also reduce the vulnerability of at-risk populations during human security in disasters.

We have contributed to the mutual support of the community, not within the framework of medical care or disaster prevention to health and well-being directly contributed to SDG 3. Through the care of local nurses who can flexibly respond to any disaster, we have been visualizing the care and communication for disaster risk reduction while using new technologies. The local nurse is a knowledge base that exists continuously in the community and is most concerned with the health, safety, and security of the people in the society. It is expected to play a coordinating role in local health crises from the long-term and holistic perspective forward. “Target 3.d strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries.” Therefore, it is critical to update the knowledge about “early warning, risk reduction, and management of national and global health risks.” Its social context and commitment to a sustainable future need to be revised and updated periodically to keep pace with new technologies and developments. Mutual support involving community-based organizations, private nonprofit organizations, private companies, educational and research institutions, and academic institutions is also essential. Broadening the space for action and allowing for more dialogue were also required to enable each institution to coordinate its response as appropriate. Thinking within a diverse global agenda frameworks allows for a multilateral and multisectoral approach to realizing the SDGs. This book would show a comprehensive “big blueprint” for global citizen to understand. “No one’s health and well-being will be left behind” through disaster nursing and disaster risk reduction with emerging communication and data.

This chapter introduces suitable applications for disaster risk reduction (DRR) using information technologies and geospatial information in primary health care. We assessed the practices in aspects of (1) problems addressed by the solution, (2) stakeholders of the problems, (3) user or beneficiary of the provided information and data, (4) outcomes of the solution, and (5) key technology specifications required for providing the information and data, specifically focusing spatial precision and temporal frequency. The analysis shed light on the current issues and limitations of the implemented systems while paving the way for future development addressing the rules from geospatial services.

This chapter provides basic methods of service design, which is a key technique for bringing benefits of ICT and GIS to end users. The methods comprise a series of user-oriented designs including defining and scoping problems, identifying and analyzing stakeholders, designing and defining specification requirements of information and data, and prototyping. These are useful for interdisciplinary fields like disaster nursing and primary health care. The approach is also applied to the framework of analyzing case studies in the next chapter, so it is encouraged to read this chapter before the next chapter. Readers will be equipped with methods of analyzing problems for designing solutions with ICT and GIS after reading this chapter.

This chapter explains who plays what roles in Japan’s disaster risk reduction in order to realize human-centered disaster reduction. In particular, we focus on the third sector organizations. Various actors, such as NPOs, citizen volunteers, and cooperatives, are involved in a nonprofit manner. In recent years, they have been gaining prominence as entities that take the roles needed in mid- to long-term disaster recovery. We will also address the role of intermediary support organizations in coordinating disaster risk reduction involving various actors.

Prolonged health emergencies and disasters greatly affect health and well-being of individuals and communities. Past experiences on extreme emergencies and disasters have taught communities the value of preparedness. Information is key in responding to health crises especially in areas where health capacity is challenged. This chapter explains the necessity of identifying appropriate health and disaster data and proposes its transformation to information needed for decision-making. It presents different examples of systems and datasets that were used for the management of response during disasters and extreme emergencies. By introducing examples from Japan and Philippines, this chapter also points out that aside from medical data, nonmedical data, such as lifestyle and hygiene information, are necessary to protect the health of disaster victims. The objective of disaster response is to ensure that no one is left behind. It is imperative therefore that disaster response is complemented with targeted information. We recognized difficulties in community monitoring such as lack of geographic-specific information, no standard for minimum health security indicator, limited availability to submit data, and variances in need for meaningful information. There are also challenges in visualizing uncountable data, real-time updating of disaster situations, and accurate statistics disaggregated by characteristics. At the core of decision-making is the appropriate transformation of data to meaningful information. Utilization of data now becomes one of the essential adaptive technologies that needs to be provided at the local level. The challenge lies in preferential options in collecting and storing disaster- and health- and non-health-related data. Although the international initiatives expend significant effort to produce data and maps for the Health EDRM, this review considers the producers and end-users of the data products or how the data was used with the objective of studying mechanisms on how to improve on the product and more effectively deliver data products to end-users. This chapter discusses experiences on how data has been transformed into meaningful information by discussing best practices illustrated in the case of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, earthquake in Nepal, and tsunami and flood in Japan. The chapter ends with a proposed framework for a disaster and health information exchange applying principles of database design, data warehouses, and data exchange.

When a major disaster strikes, whether we are victims or relief workers, we are forced to make decisions despite the lack of information. The key to disaster decision-making is how to manage risk and uncertainty. Uncertainty in a disaster is not simply a matter of choosing one of several options, but the options themselves change dynamically depending on the situation. The combination of options that can be taken will also affect the risk posed by uncertainty. VUCA (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity) is a term used to describe a situation such as a large-scale disaster, which is difficult to predict, complex, and uncertain. In a VUCA situation, the traditional problem-solving approach of grasping the overall risk situation and examining the optimal solution from among all the possible options is often simply not possible. Various risks are interrelated, and a slight change in the situation can transform the overall risk. Decision-making in such a systemic risk model requires a risk-based approach, starting from what is the risk to oneself, structuring and understanding the risks surrounding oneself, and identifying what information is necessary to minimize the risk. In this chapter, we will use these concepts to illustrate the difficulties in decision-making during disasters and discuss the information that should be collected and utilized to reduce risks in health management during disasters.

At the time of large-scale disasters, peoples’ life and property are at very high risk due to the building collapses, tsunamis and fires. However, the health risks are not just those of the acute phase. On top of the trauma caused by the disaster, disaster-vulnerable people such as hospitalized patients, in-home care recipients, dialysis patients, pregnant women, infants, and people with disabilities also face high health risk in the long-term evacuation. Issues of health care in disaster situations tend to be discussed in the context of acute medical support. On the other hand, the health impact of long-term evacuation and living in the temporary housing has not been discussed enough. In this chapter, based on the cases that were seen in the Great East Japan Earthquake, we will discuss the health risks that stem from long-term sheltering or living in temporary housing and what kind of support is necessary to reduce such risks. In these cases, the early detection and response against the health risk of affected people was realized by a collaboration of those monitoring the residents and those managing the shelters and temporary housing. In addition, the importance of collaboration among people with different professions as well as the use of ICT has been suggested.