Misc

In this study, we tried selection the index species in frogs and toads, because it was necessary to verify the relation with the population density of the index species and the ecological location type in rural landscape planning. The fauna composition and seasonal changes in the number of frogs was investigated by visual encounter survey and audio strip survey in hilly area, northern Kanto in 2006. Two species, Rana japonica and R. porosa porosa, has been selected as the index species for evaluation of the habitat quality. And the evaluation by the calculation value of yearlings should be low validity, and use the calculation value of adults. The suitable investigation season of two species for quantitative survey was clarified. In addition, it was shown that the presence of R. rugosa was able to become indices of various frog species composition when limiting it to the environment where the rice field existed.

農村計画学会では会員の活動の場が全国各地に広がっていることから, 各地区で随時セミナーを開催している。今年度も2003年12月末時点で6回のセミナーを開催した。今年度は, NPO法人や大学の研究グループとの共催やテーマを定めての連続開催企画など地区ごとの新しい試みもみられ, 多くの参加者を得た。以下にその概要を開催順に報告する。また, 共催, 後援, 会場の提供等を快くお引き受けいただいた団体各位に謝意を表する。なお, 報告は各地区の担当委員がとりまとめており, 文責は学術交流委員会にある。

Bird distributions in isolated woodlots and urban parks in an urban area were censused during a wintering season to identify the factors influencing the distribution of wintering birds. The study sites were located in Tokorozawa City, that is almost 30 km northwest of Tokyo and a typical residential city around Tokyo. The results showed that the bird species richness significantly correlated with only area covered by woods. Based on the species composition of birds, the study sites were classified into two types by Two Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN). One type included all of the urban parks and two isolated woodlots (Type A), while the other group consisted of the other isolated woodlots (Type B). It appeared that the ratio of edge contacting with urban land use to all edge explained the separation of the two groups in the best manner. The location of the observed bird individuals indicated that several species showed tendency to prefer particular layers of vegetation: for example, Emberiza spodocephala and Corvus macrorhynchos tended to be in shrub layer and on upper crown, respectively. This observation suggested that vegetation structure also influenced bird distribution.

The influence of the vegetation and surrounding land use on the bird distribution in the wintering season was analyzed in order to develop a method of ecological network planning in urban area. The bird distributions were surveyed by line transects method with mapping observed points from December 2002 to February 2003 in the west part of Nishinomiya City, Hyogo Prefecture, Central Japan. The relationship between species and surrounding land uses of observed points was analyzed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The result showed it is necessary for the appearance of forest species that forest is the most dominant land use (over 50 %) in the surrounding area. Shrub and herb layers are also impotant for the appearence of some species.

地球温暖化対応に関する国際交渉が難航し、持続可能な発展の取り組みもブレークスルーを見いだせていない。人類は環境と発展のジレンマに立たされるなか、気候変動への適応策に関心が集まる。これは緩和策をあきらめたわけではなく、トップダウン型の緩和策とボトムアップ型の適応策のベストミックスを目指した統合であり、気候変動と環境のパラダイムシフトを意味する。このシフトは様々なアクター間の利益バランスによって成り立つ共進化プロセスであり、長期にわたる学習を要する。本論は緩和・適応―個益・公益のフレームワークを用いてこのパラダイムの構図をとらえ、個益・公益のトータルデザインで統合化の方法を提示した。このフレームワークを環境イノベータプログラムに適用し、気候変動対応の大学院カリキュラムを設計した。また、災害は発生したリスクで復興は適応の始まりと考えれば、このフレームワークは震災復興にも適用できる。日本各地には復興支援が始まっており、SFCも3.11プロジェクトを立ち上げている。巨大災害がもたらした苦難は社会変革の転換点となって新しい学習が始まり、リスクに強いレジリエンスある未来社会が創られる。未曾有の挑戦であるが、気候変動と環境において世界を先導するチャンスでもある。特集 気候変動と環境の新しいパラダイム招待論文

Agricultural reservoirs are now regarded as important habitats for some aquatic organisms, though their value as habitats of algae has clarified little. Diatom is often the most dominant component of freshwater algal communities and its contribution to species diversity can not be negligible. We studied periphytic diatom assemblages in 24 agricultural reservoirs in Awajishima Island, Japan to find major factors controlling diatom species composition. As it has often been reported and discussed, influence of eutrophication to species composition was detected. However, surrounding land cover was estimated to be the most important factor: some dystrophic or soil diatoms characterized diatom assemblages in reservoirs surrounded by woodland. Compositional difference caused by substrate was not detected. It is concluded that water quality management considering eutrophication and land use management where conservation priority is put on woodlands surrounding reservoirs are possible means to conserve diatom assemblages in agricultural reservoirs.

We investigated Orthoptera to understand the preferences of Orthoptera to habitat in a green tract of land of the reclaimed land. The investigation has done in the reclaimed land, located in Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture. The investigation was done every month at Orthoptera(group of grasshopper), from May to October, 2008. In the result, 28 kinds and a total of 1941 individuals were recorded. From the research, we classificationed groups of Orthoptera and green tracts of land in the research area by TWINSPAN and partition. In the result, Groups of Orthoptera receives the influence about covering of a green tract of land and a structure of grassland.