Presentations

In air medical services, prehospital care is provided within a short period of time by the air medical team, which consists of a small number of people, i.e., a doctor and a nurse who fly to the site and a few ambulance crews who drive to the site. Under circumstances that are different from hospitals and with limited resources and expertise, the flight nurse is normally expected to take the initiative to manage the entire process of providing care to the patient eventually transported to a hospital, which involves decision-making coordinated mainly with the doctor and ambulance crews. While a number of studies have attempted to identify what is required of a flight nurse to effectively work on site, the approaches taken in those studies mostly rely on interview methods and questionnaire (Stohler 1998; Pugh et al. 2002) rather than examining actual practices. In this paper, we examine the actual practices of the flight nurse who works as part of the air medical team by examining video data of prehospital care provided as part of air medical services in Japan (the so-called “Doctor-Helicopter”). In the data, the flight nurse’s view via a small portable camera in the breast pocket is available. We also conducted interviews with flight nurses to analyze the data. As a result, we found that the concept of “projection” developed in the study of ordinary conversation seems to be relevant for characterizing the flight nurse’s work (Sacks et al. 1974; Streeck 1995). The nurse attempts to provide other team members with projectability of the situation at each stage by providing a candidate item that needs consideration or a candidate task which needs to be carried out. This allows individual team members to see what to do next, and how to coordinate with each other in actually deciding what to do, and how to do the task. Thus, we will demonstrate that the nurse’s taking the initiative to effectively coordinate activities with other members can be described in terms of making the situation projectable in the course of providing care to the patient.

EMCA studies conducted in organizational settings have sought to provide for how members conduct their work under the auspices of ‘organizationally located corpuses’ (Sudnow 1965; Zimmerman 1969; Sacks 1997). Organizationally located corpuses include both systematized as well as unsystematized bodies of information, understandings, organizationally certified knowledges and their associated practices of use. While conducted under their auspices, activities are not carried out solely with regards to these organizationally located corpuses. Rather, these occasioned corpuses (Zimmerman and Pollner 1970) – available to participants in particular situations and assembled in and through the courses of activities which characterize them – are mutually constituted as specific both to their “here and now” but also to what is known to the participants before they enter any particular working situation. The latter may include corpuses not necessarily located in, provided for or produced as part of the specific organizational setting, e.g., knowledge of how to proceed with a conversation or send an email, but made relevant to it. By looking at how members proceed with their work in this way, EMCA studies can be regarded as providing descriptions of organizational cultures and their constitutive practices. This position is not always understood. For instance, EMCA studies have been cast as overly preoccupied with contingency and with defending a ‘libertarian’, ‘anything goes’ view of cultural structures (Alexander et al 2012). However, EMCA studies should be understood as attempts to show how ‘structures’ are exhibited in particular working situations and how they are interwoven with the ways in which members organize their own activities. In other words, EMCA studies can be regarded as examinations of “structures” in action, rather than “structures” on their own. This orientation makes it possible to show how “structures” are reproducibly related to particular actions. Further, by closely looking into how order is organized in and as part of activities, the studies allow readers to learn what and how “cultural colleagues” (Garfinkel 1967: 11) find “structures” in and as part of particular settings.

独立したレファレンス担当係を持つ公共図書館においてフィールドワークを行い,レファレンスサービスが係を中心に図書館職員によって共同的に達成されていること, レファレンス担当係員は,係長・主任を中心に,調整によりレファレンス業務に継続 性と整合性を持たせる役割を担っていることを明らかにした。

This is a descriptive study of cancer patients’ use of public libraries, embedded within their information-seeking behaviour and the framework of the conference. Based on the study, we have identified methods of improving public library health information services, which is significant in terms of informing practices.

2006年にがん対策基本法が制定され，がん医療に関する情報の提供体制整備が条文上，位置づけられるとともに，都道府県に対してがん対策推進計画の策定が義務付けられた。本研究の目的は，都道府県が計画上，がんに関する情報提供を公立図書館を通じて行う背景について，主に関連文書から解き明かすことにある。結果，市民のアクセスが容易であること，がん医療に限定されない幅広い情報提供が可能であること，等が要因として考えられることが分かった。